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急求英文翻译！！

7 Ps then it is only suitable for the service industry? » Zhongnan University of Economics and Law as business management, Dr Wang Chenghui said: "Although the service is marketing 7 Ps for by the special services, but its theoretical value and practical guidance on the meaning is not limited to the areas of marketing services, The whole business of marketing theory and the development of enlightenment. " 7Ps after the three P is the emerging concept of marketing services.

Now let us look at services and manufacturing industries where the essential differences between. On the surface, the services (such as hotels, tourism, transport, education, telecommunication, etc.) is to provide customers with the service rather than a type of product. Therefore, to Bateson, Hsiao Stark, as the representative of Berry, and summarized them into a service industry can not be perceived, can not be dissociated, the difference can not be stored, and other features of. Through careful study, but the hotel's facilities, transportation tools, telecommunications network equipment and products seem to have certain characteristics. According to Hsiao Stark was contained in the products of tangible and intangible goods the proportion of the different services, proposed a "from the perceived to be aware of the continuous pedigree theory", pointing out that in reality purely economic life of the tangible goods or intangible services are Rare. This service and manufacturing industries to link up. Conversely, if we or the production of products as enterprises to provide users with a particular aspect of media services, it seems that we can be as general services industry. In other words, the services sector and general industry and not essentially different from, its only distinction lies in the service industry to provide users with services for the media is invisible, or shape although it shared with others. So any one of the goals for profit enterprises can be classified as service enterprises, and any products (whether tangible or intangible) can be considered as enterprises providing services to users of the media. This is the concept of basic principles of marketing services.

Marketing services industries, as a general concept to the theory proposed in the marketing sector has yet to see a monograph available, but many scholars and entrepreneurs aware of services for enterprise development and create long-term competitive advantage is essential, also made a lot of new The service concept. In recent decades the relationship marketing, integrated marketing, customer relationship management (CRM), and other theories also contains the core concept of marketing services. In the practice of corporate marketing service-oriented and the success of the enterprises are also not uncommon. CCTV in December 2003 of "dialogue" program, Haier CEO Zhang Ruimin stress once again that "I believe in is: the user is always right" ( "the user is always right" is a concept, not the logic of judgement , So do not ask: how could the user is always right? »)," To help users success is the success of an enterprise "," Haier is not selling products, but to provide users with the services of a comprehensive solution ", which is The most simple concept of marketing services. He said so and also to do so. 19, Haier in his service to users in good faith under the influence of the concept, from a temporary closure of the small-state-owned enterprises to become today's world-renowned transnational corporations. In the United States, Haier's market for students in order to produce a small refrigerator, several campus to students advice, understand their needs, launched by the students of the school desks refrigerator, computer tables refrigerator, in one stroke the U.S. occupation of the small refrigerator market The half of the country. Hilton Hotel is the world's leading multinational companies, I also known as the United States Hilton "hotel king." Hilton was asked whether the business know-how, Hilton replied: "I leave you in the Hilton Hotel to improve upon the advice, when you once again visit the hotel when I no longer have the same view -- This is my business know-how. " There are many factors of success, but the good sense of service enterprises is essential for success.

服务业含义

服务业是指电子信息时代的产业总称。服务业概念在理论界尚有争议。一般认为服务业指从事服务产品的生产部门和企业的集合。

服务业有服务产业和服务事业之分。以增值为目的提供服务产品的生产部门和企业集合叫服务产业；以满足社会公共需要提供服务产品的政府行为集合叫服务事业。

服务业的产生发展：

服务业是随着商品生产和商品交换的发展，继商业之后产生的一个行业。商品的生产和交换扩大了人们的经济交往。

为解决由此而产生的人的食宿、货物的运输和存放等问题，出现了饮食、旅店，社会化大生产创造的较高的生产率和发达的社会分工，促使生产企业中的某些为生产服务的劳动从生产过程中逐渐分离出来（如工厂的维修车间逐渐变成修理企业）。

服务业从为生活服务，扩展到为生产服务，经历了一个很长的历史过程。服务业的社会性质也随着历史的发展而变化。

在前资本主义社会，主要是为奴隶主和封建主服务，资本主义服务业以盈利为目的，资本家和服务劳动者之间的关系是雇佣关系。社会主义服务业是以生产资料公有制为基础，以提高人民群众物质文化生活为目的，是真正为全社会服务的行业。

以上内容参考 百度百科——服务业

服务行业的概念

服务业，是指利用设备、工具、场所、信息或技能为社会提供服务的业务。

税目的征收范围包括：代理业、旅店业、饮食业、旅游业、仓储业、租赁业、广告业、其他服务业。

（一）代理业

代理业，是指代委托人办理受托事项的业务，包括代购代销货物、代办进出口、介绍服务、其他代理服务。

1、代购代销货物，是指受托购买货物或销售货物，按实购或实销额进行结算并收取手续费的业务。

2、代办进出口，是指受托办理商品或劳务进出口的业务。

3、介绍服务，是指中介人介绍双方商谈交易或其他事项的业务。

4、其他代理服务，是指受托办理上列事项以外的其他事项的业务。

金融经纪业、邮政部门的报刊发行业务，不按本税目征税。

（二）旅店业

旅店业，是指提供住宿服务的业务。

（三）饮食业

饮食业，是指通过同时提供饮食和饮食场所的方式为顾客提供饮食消费服务的业务。

饭馆、餐厅及其他饮食服务场所，为顾客在就餐的同时进行的自娱自乐形式的歌舞活动所提供的服务，按“娱乐业”税目征税。

（四）旅游业

旅游业，是指为旅游者安排食宿、交通工具和提供导游等旅游服务的业务。

（五）仓储业

仓储业，是指利用仓库、货场或其他场所代客贮放、保管货物的业务。

（六）租赁业

租赁业，是指在约定的时间内将场地、房屋、物品、设备或设施等转让他人使用的业务。

怎么理解客户概念,试阐述客户,消费者,用户的概念？

如何理解客户的概念，需要把客户,消费者和用户三个概念

在营销学上，这四个对象同时出现。

①客户

英文中，Client，指的就是客户。Client也是法律的专业术语，是当事人、委托人的意思。

在卖方眼里，客户的层次比顾客要高。麦肯锡创始人马文·鲍尔就说：“我们没有顾客，我们只有客户。”这是什么意思呢？他认为，顾客只是普通商品和服务的使用者，而麦肯锡是提供专业服务的。

②用户

英文中，User，就是用户，指产品的实际使用人、使用者。

用户通常不是客户，巴菲特的黄金搭档查理芒格讲过一个故事，说他看到有个卖渔具的制作了许多绿色紫色闪闪发亮的鱼饵，他就问：鱼会喜欢这些鱼饵么？那人说：我可不是把鱼饵卖给鱼的！

当时看到这个故事的时候，我笑了。

③顾客

英文中，Customer，就是顾客的意思，就是光临、惠顾购买，消费商品和服务的客人。

汉语词典对顾客的解释是：商店或服务行业称来买东西的人或服务对象。

国际标准化组织（ISO）将顾客定义为：接受产品的组织或个人。按照这个定义，顾客是付钱的，但不一定是用户或者消费者。

④消费者

这实际上是经济学概念过来的，英文是Consumer，消费者是和生产者（Producer）、经营者（Operator）对应的。消费者是产品和服务的最终使用者而不是生产者、经营者，也就是说，他消费商品的目的主要是用于个人或家庭需要，而不是生产和经营需要。

在描述一些宏观的问题时消费者是使用最频繁的，表达一个群体的概念。我国还有消费者协会，在每个省、地市，还有县区都有分支机构。

消费者可以是客户，可以是用户，可以是顾客，也可以同时兼具多种身份。

如果用下图来表达这四个对象的关系，可能更直观些。

中国台湾地区，在翻译时，习惯把Consumer译为客户，把User译为使用人，我个人更倾向于这样的处理。

客户购买了产品，但用户才是产品的最终使用者。从客户思维，客户关心的是价格；而从用户思维，用户关心的是使用价值。以客户为中心，营销策略是有效的，而以用户为中心，体验才是最为关键的。

在互联网的营销世界，用户才是主角。

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